Ecoacoustic indices in marine ecosystems: a review on recent developments, challenges, and future directions

Abstract Soundscape ecology has gained prominence in the monitoring of marine ecosystems due to its non-invasive characteristics and spatiotemporal efficiency. However, development ecoacoustic indices is a recent field that needs address many challenges fulfill great potential, especially context ecology. Here, we reviewed most studies used ecosystems. The literature search was conducted Scopus (Elsevier) database chain referral sampling list references each publication. In total, identified 27 publications environments such as coral reefs, rocky shores, coastal regions, offshore regions. A total four major limitations were addressed, including: challenge find adequate acoustic bioindicators; lack universal index or standardized protocol; issue applied have been developed be terrestrial environments; tested under different environmental conditions. Once these are analysis sound based on interpretation potential become one cost-effective tools for environments.